Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Management - Essay Example 2005). This phenomenon creates an integrated world economy where production, trading and selling of goods and services reach beyond national and territorial boundaries. More than 40 years ago, economist and managers all over the world have been highlighting the vital role of state in the process of economic development. Most of them pointed out that unregulated markets, left to their own devices would polarize the distribution of income where small and medium size companies will be suck-up into corporate giants. To some extent, this would create confusion, panics, crises, recessions, and depressions. Along this same line of framework, in order to survive, corporations and businesses would need to find more innovative strategies to cope with the emerging industrialization and economic developments. The pressure is now on the hands of international managers as how they can strengthen their companies in order to face the difficult changes of a highly competitive and open market. A key factor that often puts companies out of business is competition. This is a major headache among business managers and planners. However, on the positive side, competitors are essential to spur companies to strive to do better. Although competitors have a potential of derailing a business, they are also indispensable learning tools for managers who want to get ahead of the competition-both today and for the future. By replicating and enhancing the strategies of the opponent, one can beat the other in their own game. Before a manager takes a move, an inventory of competitors should be taken. In order to gain an upper hand, it is not enough that we study the competitor. We have to learn to anticipate their responses to certain situations through the use of game theory, simulations, scenario planning and conjoint analysis. This would broaden your range of options for reacting to moves of the competitor. Also, a deep understanding on how changes in technology and public policy can

The film Pretty Woman Essay Example for Free

The film Pretty Woman Essay We recently watched the film Pretty Woman, which was directed by American Hollywood producer Garry Marshall, who had previously produced 70s T. V sitcoms, such as Happy Days, Mork Mindy, and Laverne Shirley. This film was made between 24th July 1989 and 18th October 1989, and was then released on 23rd March 1990. Pretty Woman cost $14million to make, but was a huge hit and in the U. S alone it made $178million, furthermore it made $478million worldwide. The story of Pretty Woman is based on George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion, and the musical and 1964 film My Fair Lady, in which Rex Harrison plays Professor Higgins and Audrey Hepburn plays flower seller Eliza Doolittle. The soundtrack for this film was Oh, Pretty Woman, which was sung by Roy Orbison. In Pretty Woman Richard Gere plays wealthy and ruthless businessman, Edward Lewis, and Julia Roberts plays Vivien Ward who is a young prostitute. Pretty Woman starts with Edward breaking up with his girlfriend, so he takes a drive to Beverly Hills and unintentionally picks up prostitute Vivien, when he is trying to work out how to drive his lawyers wifes car. He explains to her that he buys companies that are starting to deteriorate, breaks them up and then sells them for a profit. He needs someone to take to a business meal the next evening, so he gives her $3000 to stay with him for the week. Vivien goes shopping on Rodeo Drive to buy a dress for the dinner, and she is treated very badly. The next day he takes her shopping and because of his wealth she is treated very differently. Through spending time with Vivien, Edward begins doubting his ruthless business techniques, and ends up help companies that are weakening. The director shows a lot of contrast between Edward and Viviens life. The opening line from the magician was No matter what they say, its all about money. This gives you an indication of what Edwardss life is about. The first time you see this is in the opening scene of the film. In Edwards world, it shows a close up on money, which shows you that is all Edwards life revolves around, and that he has plenty of it. He breaks up with his girlfriend because she says that he puts business before anything else. He then goes to look for his ex-girlfriend Susan, and asked her if she spoke to his secretary more than him. Susan then told him that his secretary was her bridesmaid. When you first see Vivien, she is on her way to a bar, which is used by street gangs to find her flat mate Kit. Vivien has to leave her dingy flat though the fire escape because her she cant afford to pay the rent. Edward lives in his huge Bel Air mansion, whereas Vivien lives in a not very pleasant flat, which she shares with her friend Kit, and between them they cant afford to pay rent. So again, the difference between the two characters is because of money. When Edward takes Vivien to the penthouse suite in the hotel Vivien is shocked by the size of it, but it is just normal to Edward, as he regularly stays in it, because it is the best. Edward seems to be more civilised than Vivien, because when he sits on a seat or chair, she always perches herself in the most awkward place. When you are shown Viviens world, the colours are always vivid and trashy, but in Edwardss world, the colours are always grey and black.

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children Parental Incarceration and Children’s Educational Performance Murray et al. (2012b) reviewed samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study; a longitudinal survey of 1009 inner city boys up to 18 years, to investigate any links between parental incarceration and children’s poor academic performance. They also accounted for type of parental incarceration, the age of the child and the parent’s level of antisocial behaviour. This study is important because it prospectively investigated child outcomes from before to after parental incarceration as well as social environments, which few studies have done. Findings indicated that parental incarceration was associated with increases in delinquency but it did not predict poor academic performance, even after controlling for other childhood risk factors (Murray et al. 2012b). The reason that parental incarceration had no effect on educational performance is argued to point towards resilience among affected children. Murray et al. (2012b) did specify however, that effects sizes for poor academic att ainment and parental incarceration may be different for short term studies. Cho (2009) investigated children whose mothers were incarcerated in state prison compared with children whose mothers were incarcerated in a county jail for 1 week or less (control group) to see the effect of parental incarceration on grade retention rates. Her study was also valid because where possible she minimised selection bias using propensity scores to match control and experimental groups of children (race, gender, age at mothers incarceration and at child outcome and length of incarceration). Cho’s findings indicated that children whose mothers were incarcerated in a state prison facility had lower grade retention rates in the year prior to, during, and immediately after their mother’s incarceration than the comparison group. Surprisingly these findings reveal that parental incarceration may be beneficial for short-term children’s academic outcomes. Also, findings reveal that factors that pre-exist parental incarceration are worth investigating as they t oo may have an impact on children’s outcomes. Another US study by Hagan Foster (2012) that focussed on paternal incarceration revealed that it led to disrupted families unable to monitor school attendance and nurture levels of children’s school performance. Thus the absence of incarcerated fathers can predict educational failure in children. The reason for this may be increased stress for the remaining caregiver thus affecting the quality of supervision and help with academic life (Vacha McLaughlin, 1992 cited in Hagan Foster, 2012). Hagan and Foster’s (2012) results further indicate high levels of paternal incarceration block access to education achievement. On the other hand, Dallaire et al. (2010), informed by ecological systems theory, carried out a qualitative study where they randomly assigned scenarios to teachers describing a female student whose mother was imprisoned. They also examined teachers experiences of these childrens emotional and behavioural adjustment in the classroom. Focus was on maternal incarceration because they believed that it was a greater risk for children than paternal incarceration. They found that the teachers in their experimental treatment group rated these students as less competent than teachers in a control group in which the child’s mother was described as being away for other reasons such as military deployment. Their findings are important to consider because they argue that no empirical research has examined the experiences of children with incarcerated parents in the school setting or with their teachers. More research is required because children of incarcerated parents have poor education al performance and are stigmatised as revealed by Dallaire et al. (2010) study. Other findings revealed that the quality of the care giving situation and the stability of care were the greatest risks to childrens academic achievement cited by these teachers. Teachers also suggested that they felt younger children suffered more and that maternal incarceration had a greater impact than paternal incarceration because of the roles mothers play. Teachers also noted that they had witnessed some teachers stigmatising these children by expecting less from them and that it would be a bad idea to include information about the parents incarceration in the childs permanent record because of possible mishandling of the information. Findings by Dallaire et al. 2010 therefore suggest that it is stigma effects and labelling processes at hand that predict poor educational performance in children rather than the parental incarceration itself. Therefore, environmental factors play a part in how well c hildren of incarcerated parents do in schools. Parental Incarceration and Children’s Mental Health Parental incarceration might cause mental health problems due to the separation involved, limited contact opportunities, and inadequate explanations given to children and the challenges faced by alternate caregivers (Murray et al. 2014). Children of incarcerated mothers have also been found to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and long-term trauma (Cho, 2010). Foster Hagan (2013) looked at maternal and paternal incarceration separately as potential sources of traumatic stress for children during the transition of their children to adulthood. They found that childhood maternal imprisonment increased depressive symptoms compared to not having this experience. Results indicate a gendered vulnerability of male children to maternal imprisonment in adolescence (ages 13–18) that results in uniquely high levels of young adult depressive symptoms. Findings suggest males may be vulnerable to both maternal and paternal imprisonment occurring in adolescence. They also further find that race and ethnic minority youth are more likely to be affected by paternal incarceration. Findings also suggest that both paternal and maternal imprisonment experienced during childhood (ages 0–18) and it is therefore influential on child mental health problems Tasca et al. (2014) argue that little is known regarding variation in the presence or absence of mental health problems within a group of children of incarcerated parents. Their aim was to fill this void in this body of work by comparing incarcerated mothers’ and fathers’ reports of mental health problems among their children. In an effort to advance work on the needs of children of incarcerated parents, they assess whether incarcerated mothers are more likely than incarcerated fathers to report that their children are experiencing mental health problems. Their study contributes to the literature in that it covers most races allowing for a diverse analysis along multiple demographic dimensions. Tasca et al. (2014) findings suggest that incarcerated mothers reported 15.5% of their children were in need of services for mental health problems, compared with only 6.1% of incarcerated fathers’ children. Among paternal incarceration cases, the majority of children were Latino/Latina, whereas the majority of children in maternal incarceration cases were White. While controlling for child age, race/ethnicity, and gender, incarcerated mothers, compared with incarcerated fathers, reported that their children were 2.368 times more likely to have mental health problems. Race/ethnicity (Latino/Latinas) and gender (girls) were negatively related to mental health problems. On the other hand, child’s age was positively related to mental health problems. Regardless of type of parental incarceration, however, the risks posed to these children of prisoners are significant and substantial. Tasca et al. (2014) study highlights that children of incarcerated parents are not a homogenous group. Murray et al. (2012) study results include data samples on general mental disorders, internalizing problems and educational performance from reports by children, teachers, parents, of children’s academic performance. They used results from studies that had sta ndardised test scores to see if parental imprisonment is a risk or causal factor for negative outcomes for children. For poor mental health, effects across all showed almost zero association with parental incarceration. On the other hand, Swisher Roettger’s (2012) results showed that paternal incarceration during childhood is associated with higher depression scores. Surprisingly, white male youths suffered more than black male youths. For blacks and Hispanics there was no significant difference found.

The Symbolism of the Piano in The Piano Essay -- Piano

The Symbolism of the Piano in The Piano      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The piano has been inextricably linked with the roles and expectations of women in British society since its advent in the mid 1700s to the late 1800s when rising standards of living made it more accessible to middle class society. Pianos were regarded as "secure icons of social distinction" 1 and a wife was viewed similarly as a possession of "privatization, success and respectability."2 Pianos were instrumental in both reinforcing gender roles and as delineators of class distinction thus perpetuating the class system. 3    While concentrating primarily on Ada, this essay will discuss the symbolism of the piano in The Piano expressed through the relationship with each of   the four main characters of the film. I will also comment on the piano as a colonial representation of conquest.    In one of the earliest scenes in The Piano, Ada waits with her young daughter for the arrival of her new husband and a party of Maori workers who will carry the their baggage to the house. On the empty beach in a new land, and alone with her daughter asleep beside her, she consoles herself by fingering her piano, still trapped within its wooden house. On Stewart's arrival the next day, he quickly rejects her plea to have the piano carried to Ada's new home or even to return to collect it.   As the party climb a ridge behind the beach, Ada stands on a promontory and views the piano standing alone on the sand below her. Framed in the overpowering and commanding landscape of   the harsh, unyielding New Zealand bush, the crafted wood and iron piano stands as an image of colonialism.4 However, the dominant image conveyed in the scene is one of   loss, isolation and the separation of the pi... ...ight and mocking "carnivalesque". (Politics of Voice, p.36). 8 The performance of music was to be "in private company" Music and Image, p.39 9 Hazel, Valerie The Politics of Voice and Jane Campion's Piano, p.30 10 As for instance when he offers four keys for them to lie together, she counters with five. 11 Gordon, Suzy "I clipped your wing, that's all": auto-erotism and the female spectator, p.202 12 "And the wind said 'remember how we used to play?' "Then the wind took her hand and said 'come with me.' "But she refused." This story suggests a change from a compliant Flora to an independent, free-thinking Flora whose choice is her own. 13 Edmond Abat quoted in Reading Readings 14 The piano was not previously at his house so it cannot really be termed a return.   Baines' comment "I'm giving it back" refers more to possession than place.   

Genetic Testing Controversies

Genetic Testing Controversies 1-12-11 Biology Genetic Testing, also known as DNA-based tests, is a new method of testing for genetic diseases or disorders. In the test the DNA molecule is examined and other tests include microscopic examination of chromosomes, for stained or fluorescent chromosomes. Genetic tests are used for carrier screening, newborn screening, identity testing, prenatal diagnostic testing, and prediction of disorders later in life such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease etc. Human Genome Project) Controversies today that genetic testing today faces is with the privacy, consents, equity and discrimination. The privacy of the information that is found may not be confidential between the patient and the doctor it may also be revealed to other people that are not involved in the issue. The controversies with consent are that should the insurance companies be allowed to have the information of medical records and family histories before granting permi ssion to anything. (Friesen, Tim.The Genetic Testing Controversy). The costs of some of these genetic tests are very expensive, some costing more than $1000. Another controversy is related with discrimination to the people shown by insurance companies, where they are discriminating on the people by the information which is received to them by genetic tests. Another example is where a woman who had applied to become an adoptive parent was denied due to a family history of Huntington’s disease which also made her susceptible to the disease. Friesen, Tim. The Genetic Testing Controversy) An advantage of Genetic testing is that it gives information about any disease or disorders a person may have and treat that person immediately for a cure. Another advantage is that these tests help to live a risk free life from the beginning, for example- Genetic testing are done on new born babies, which helps to identify any disorders from the beginning so treatment can be given immediately. Benefits of genetic testing) Another advantage of genetic testing is that there are fewer checkups and visits to the doctor if there is a history of a disease in a family. Another advantage is that if a person is genetically tested and the results are positive, they get to make â€Å"informed decisions† in their life. (Benefits of Gene Testing. National Cancer Institute) A disadvantage of genetic testing is that if a person is positive for a disease which cannot be cured completely, is still in a risk. Related essay: â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering†For example breast and ovarian cancers, you cannot get rid of each and every breast or ovary related cells. Even after the surgery, the risk is still there. Another disadvantage is many people after receiving their test results and testing positive for a disease, leads to depression, anxiety or anger for most people, mostly women in these cases. Another disadvantage of genetic testing is many people face discrimination in getting insurance, or employment due to the results of that person’s genetic test. Citation Pictures http://www. beltina. org/pics/genetic_testing. jpg

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake A periscope  is an optical device for conducting observations from a concealed or protected position. Simple periscopes consist of reflecting mirrors and/or prisms at opposite ends of a tube container. The reflecting surfaces are parallel to each other and at a 45 ° angle to the axis of the tube. The Military This basic form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during  World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some  gun turrets. Tanks  use periscopes extensively: They allow military personnel to check out their situation without leaving the safety of the tank. An important development, the  Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top, allowing a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat.  This design, patented by  Rudolf Gundlach  in 1936, first saw use in the  Polish  7-TP  light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).   Periscopes also  enabled soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).  During  World War II, artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. More complex periscopes, using  prisms  and/or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on  submarines  and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.​ Sir Howard Grubb   The Navy attributes the invention of the periscope (1902) to Simon Lake and the perfection of the periscope to Sir Howard Grubb. For all its innovations,  USS Holland  had at least one major flaw; lack of vision when submerged. The submarine had to broach the surface so the crew could look out through windows in the conning tower. Broaching deprived the Holland of one of the submarine’s greatest advantages – stealth. Lack of vision, when submerged, was eventually corrected when Simon Lake used prisms and lenses to develop the omniscope, forerunner of the periscope. Sir Howard Grubb, a designer of astronomical instruments, developed the modern periscope that was first used in Holland-designed British Royal Navy submarines. For more than 50 years, the periscope was the submarine’s only visual aid until underwater television was installed aboard the nuclear-powered submarine  USS Nautilus. Thomas Grubb (1800-1878) founded a telescope-making firm in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubbs father was noted for inventing and constructing machinery for printing. In the early 1830s, he made an observatory for his own use equipped with a 9-inch (23cm) telescope. Thomas Grubbs youngest son Howard (1844-1931) joined the firm in 1865, under his hand the company gained a reputation for the first-class Grubb telescopes. During the First World War, demand was on Grubbs factory to make gunsights and periscopes for the war effort and it was during those years that Grubb perfected the periscopes design.

20 Economics Essay Topics Key Facts about the Inca Empire

20 Economics Essay Topics Key Facts about the Inca Empire The history and development of the Inca Empire are topics which interest an economics teacher. Because this is a vast area of study, your course instructor may ask you to write an essay on it. However, because of its sheer capacity, it may be hard for you to narrow it down and select a particular topic. Fortunately, we are here to assist you in any way that we can and this is why we have created a list of 20 topics which you can choose from. Here are 20 topics for   economic project on the Inca Empire: Attempts of Andeans to Take Over the Incan Empire. Discuss Pachacutis Vision in Detail. Early Years of the Inca People. The Topography of the Incan Empire. Resources of the People of the Inca Empire. Recreational Activities of the Inca People. Detailed Analysis of the Monetary System and Its Benefits. The Political and Governmental System of the Inca Empire. Demographics of the Inca People. Detailed Note on Role of the Chieftains in the Inca Empire Conquest. Organizational Abilities of the Higher Inca officials. Role of Religion in Inca Empires politics. Effect of Marriage between Chieftains and Royal Bloodlines on The Inca Empire Conquest. Ideology Behind the Inca Empire Conquest. Discuss How Pachacuti had Used Religion to Combine the Inca People. Tradition of Ancestor Worship in Inca Empire. Write a Detailed Note on the Sapa Inca. Government System of the Inca Empire. Laws of Property Ownership in the Inca Empire. The Incan Highway System. For the time being, here is a sample of an essay on the Inca Empire. Sample Economics Essay: Government System of the Inca Empire The government system of the Inca empire was theocratic. Everything, including the gold, silver and labor belonged to the Sapa Inca, who were the rulers of the empire. Because the women too were thought to be the property of the Incan Empire, fornication with a woman who was not under your ownership was punishable under the rule, with death being the penalty. Though everyone in the empire was given land in the beginning, to avoid anarchy and rebellion, they were moved elsewhere later on. The administration was responsible for keeping the people well fed and any negligence would be held accountable by the Sapa Inca. Large quantities of food and clothing were stored in case of an economical breakdown. The Inca Empire didn’t initially believe in property ownership but the Sapa Inca created a new law and permitted certain individuals to build houses. The trade market was fruitful for the Inca Empire and the payment method was purely barter. The guards controlled all the gates of the town and the local citizens were not allowed to leave or enter if it wasn’t on official business. The administrative system was extremely systematic. People with royal bloodline or religious affiliation were treated extraordinarily well. The citizens were classified and their duties were assigned to them. If a child committed a crime, the father would be held accountable depending upon the situation and age of the child. The labor was to handle the farming and cultivation of the land. This act was further divided in three categories: what’s essential for the Empire, what’s essential for the Sun Religion, what’s essential for the people. Animal flocks, specifically the llama were owned by the empire. Handling the animal flocks, maintaining the roads, bridges and public buildings were amongst the various tasks for a common worker. After the Sapa Inca, came the council. Historians and anthropologists claim that their power decreased as the empire grew stronger. History keeping was one of the most respectable professions in the Inca Empire and certain poets and intellectual men were responsible for keeping an account of the Inca Empire’s story. This tool was used by the higher officials of the Inca Empire on a regular basis in order to prevent a revolt or civil war. There was no particular system of writing in the Inca Empire so people relied on the memory of these historians. When the Inca Empire was at the height of its economic success, it was divided into four viceroyalties that were further divided into provinces. The viceroys and governors were the aristocrats of the empire who had a distinct dress which gave a royal impression. The aristocrats were responsible for controlling the masses and putting through Sapa Inca approved ideologies. Overall, the empire was an amalgamation of various units and political hierarchy which worked together to sustain the system. References: Hemming, J. (1970). The conquest of the Incas. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Inca Government : A brief on ancient Inca Government System. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2016, from machupicchu-inca.com/inca-government.html Newman, S. (2010). True Book: The Inca Empire. Scholastic Canada. Inca Empire. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2016, from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text Baquedano, E., ZabeÃŒ , M. (2011). Eyewitness Aztec. London: DK Pub. Jarus, B. O. (2013). The Incas: History of Andean Empire. Retrieved April 29, 2016, from livescience.com/41346-the-incas-history-of-andean-empire.html The Inca. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2016, from allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca

Policy Ethics (W5.MJ) Essays

Policy Ethics (W5.MJ) Essays Policy Ethics (W5.MJ) Essay Policy Ethics (W5.MJ) Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Policy Ethics (W5.MJ) 2. According to Hugh Helco, to ‘think institutionally’ means, learning about an institution and having utter most respect for it. Instead of thinking about an institution, one should focus on thinking within it. This means that one personalizes the institution’s values within themselves, not only sharing the views and values of the institution, but also believing in them as their own. Completely assimilating the institutional values makes one work diligently because their selflessness creates a hard-working culture within individuals. They make conscious efforts to give their best in their duties because they have a sense of belonging and work with a high level of responsibility and awareness. Therefore, people are more likely to go out of their way to ensure that the objectives are effectively accomplished. For example, if the institution wants to cut down on the energy costs, one can be proactive and suggest using solar generators as opposed to only campaigning that the lights should be switched off when not in use. Good stewardship is fostered from thinking institutionally. Why is it difficult to think institutionally in this current era? In the wake of capitalism, what appeals the most to organizations is the idea of increasing their profit margins. These organizations are run by people who by nature always want more. Without proper morals and character within them, the selfish aspirations of personal gain become apparent. Whether for personal, social political or financial reasons, the selfishness to gain institutional benefits at the expense of others makes thinking institutionally extremely difficult. Embezzling of funds by a board member discourages those working for the betterment of the organization. Such ulterior motives by individuals cause increased levels of mistrust thereby making intuitional thinking pointless. Therefore, selfish motives, which consequently lead to mistrust, hinder people from thinking institutionally. 1. According to Terry Cooper, ‘high citizenship’ is a disciplined level of social structure that enables equal power sharing opportunities among its members. In such a case, there is absolute equality among peers and respect is given to ethical values and customs within the structure. High citizenship embraces the aspect of democracy, which means exercising the power vested in the leadership to better the society. It encompasses observing a set of rules and principles that follow ethical practices thereby governing the people. For this to happen, the citizens need to be fully aware of their rights, duties and responsibilities. Here, an element of legal awareness is effected. Legal awareness is providing the necessary set of rules and principles that will help society obey the expected ethical code of conduct. This provides a platform to which understanding the ethical values will help individuals carry out their obligations rightfully. Utilitarian techniques embrace the essence of majority rule. If majority of the people will benefit from the process, then it is adapted despite the repercussions it might have on the minority. Cost benefit analyses are an example of a utilitarian technique. The pros and cons of a process or situation are taken into account. If the benefits outweigh the costs, then the process is considered and amended to suit the majority. However, this method is not suited for our political heritage because it embraces the rule of the majority, therefore, sidelining the individual liberties of the minority group. Our political heritage respects the individual rights and liberties of everyone. Implementation of utilitarian techniques, though beneficial to the greater good, contrasts the political heritage that embodies the harmony of all individuals.

4 response essays ( about Chemical waste disposal ) Essay

4 response essays ( about Chemical waste disposal ) - Essay Example Had he chosen to write about one particular technique and given details about that method it would have been a better article. Even if he wanted to include all the information he should have structured the essay well. He should have explained the waste that he was talking about and how a particular method is directed against a particular waste. However, he simply mixes it all. Having said that, his effort to provide information about the main methods is pretty commendable. I think he manages to correctly introduce the topic of waste management. He explains why we need waste management-for conservation of our environment. Methods like recycling are perhaps the best method for waste management. Further, water pollution can mainly be controlled through sewage treatment. Besides these methods solid waste management is a very important aspect to waste management since solid waste is generally ignored and it has been piling up over the years creating havoc in our environment. The author mentions the need of renewable energy. However, it is only related to conservation of environment and most would not consider it related to waste management. But I think the writer is clever enough to realize it as a secondary method to waste management. Since use of renewable energy sources would mean less use of conventional energy sources like coal and hence there will be less waste that is produced by conventional energy sources. The reason I mention this article here is because this article is a very optimistic article among all the pessimistic views that we hear daily. The article does provide good basic information but it could have been better. article. He is not just able to mention why exactly we need to look for a method for waste management but in choosing to write about perhaps the newest technology of waste management he has saved the both his time and the time of the reader, directly jumping on the possible solution to the problem. He believes

Classroom Communities and My Own Experience Assignment

Classroom Communities and My Own Experience - Assignment Example For some teachers it was a class camping trip and for another calling her students family members. By doing so all the students were seen in the same manner and not judged based on their race, culture or religion. The hard truth is that African Americans have been thought of as the most difficult to teach and control. They lag behind their white class fellows raising the need of separate schools for the black community. Why is it that even after fighting for equality and civil rights a need for separate educational institutions has risen? According to the latest statistics African American students are less academically successful compared to their white counterparts based on every standard of accomplishment (Ladson Billings 2009). Their school dropout rate is much higher and so is their suspension percentage. These realities have formed a certain expectation from this group of students in the minds of teachers. They automatically assume or have this in their subconscious that if a s tudent is Africa American he will not be as good a student as a ‘white’ American. The teacher has socially categorized students in her brain which should not be the case. As told in the story by Meier in ‘The First Day’ is that the two teachers wanted to set a positive tone on the very first day and they saw the students as one community rather than setting up opinions based on their color or race. They ran the class in such a way that would make the students think that they are all in the same boat. In the article ‘Toward a Pedagogy of the Oppressor’ by Michael S. Kimmel being white, male and heterosexual is compared to walking ‘with the wind’ whereas walking against the wind is the same as being black, gay or female. It is only when you walk against the wind when you feel its strength and force. The article also talks about the privileges of the being the majority and how these are invisible.

Checkout paper # 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Checkout paper # 3 - Essay Example I love my dog because she is a good companion but of late she has been giving me problems. She messes around especially the carpet and my neighbors often complain about her. At one time she was injured by my neighbor’s child. I can see that you are angry for your dog because she makes the carpet dirty. However, I have done some researches and discovered that pet lovers ought to be patient with their pets since they have a habit of messing around in most cases. I then posed this question: What do you think must be done then? However, I realised that I had blundered by asking this question since the client was seeking help in order to address the problem. Therefore, for self disclosure, I sympathized with the client and indicated that as human beings, we always feel the same way when we clean the mess by the dogs. I paraphrased my question so that the customer could shed more light about her feelings towards this dog. She responded by saying: From this response, I realised that my customer was mainly concerned with finding a lasting solution to this problem rather than disposing the dog. I responded to the client by indicating that a dog can be trained but this can be done over time. This response gave my client renewed hope about changing the behaviour of her dog. I used strategies such as reflection, summarization paraphrasing as well as clarification in carrying out this task. I have learnt a lot of new things in as far as interviewing is concerned. In terms of non verbal communication, I maintained a steady eye contact and I would also use some facial expressions when talking to my client. I also listened very carefully to her as she spoke. However, one weakness I have noted about my interviewing technique is that some of my questions were too direct. For instance, I said: â€Å"What do you think should be done?† I do not think that this question should be asked to the client who has come for help. Essentially, the interviewer should suggest

Primary Functions of Human Resource Management Research Paper

Primary Functions of Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Besides that, this department clarifies and sets forth daily objectives for the firm and is responsible for organizing people in the entire organization and planning for the future objectives and ventures involving all the people in the company (Raymond, 2006). This paper is seeking to give a detailed explanation of how human resource management influences sectors such as equal employment opportunity and affirmative action, planning, recruitment, selection, development, compensation, and benefits. Additionally, it will also resolve to expound on human resource role in safety and health, employee and labor relations. Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action Equal employment opportunity refers to equal job consideration where it is applicable to every citizen and is essential to fair practices of employment. It also conforms to federal and state laws requirement. On the other end, affirmative action is a tool that an organization’s human resource management uses to pr ovide steps that are necessary in ensuring parity and disparity (Gary, 2004). In an organization, the primary function of human resource management is to ensure a fair and full equal employment opportunity and affirmative action for all employees, regardless of factors such as race, genetic information, marital status, sexual orientation, age, color, and religion as well as national origin among others. Factors involved in equal employment opportunity are essential as they facilitate creation of a harmonious working environment where employees feel protected and appreciated. These aspects are congruent factors of mobilization and motivation. These factors are essential since they assist on creating harmony in working places and set forth a platform of opportunities where the qualified and protected classes of people compete fairly for the available position This system provides for an equal opportunity where an organization has a platform where it gives every employee a chance to co ntribute towards building the power of the company by use total dedication via exhausting all the available resources every staff can contribute. In this sector, human resource provides for indiscriminative treatment where all employees feel equal while in the course of executing their daily duties in their respective working places. Just as elaborated in affirmative action, the protected class which includes those individuals protected by the state against employment discrimination such as minorities, people with disabilities, women, and people aged 40 and above years (Hyde, 2004). Under these circumstances, when an employment opportunity arises probably to transfer, resignation, or termination of contract of an employee, the work of the human resource is to declare the vacancy open and set an open competitive procedure in which qualified personnel will fit under the merit system. Human resource agents or affirmative action representatives have the responsibility of helping manager s in hiring through all the set selection process. The presence of both managers and affirmative action representatives is to ensure full consideration to equal opportunities of employment implications regarding the complete hiring process and interview and correct affirmative actions for the agency. The functions of human resource are uncountable. In an organization, it helps managers employ effective and efficient techniques of recruiting in order to obtain a diverse and broad

Strategies emerging market MNEs employ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategies emerging market MNEs employ - Essay Example Their point is to achieve a certain level of competitive advantage, but such kind of advantage can hardly be generated if some essential strategies or strategic actions will not be employed. Concerning this point, it is important to create an illustration on how exactly some firms create strategies in order to generate their portion in the pie. Knowing how some firms established their market especially those new entrants is as good as finding how they initiate strategies in order to make a difference. Regarding this, the work at hand covers the points elucidating the unique strategies that the emerging market multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ in pursuing globalization or international expansion in comparison to the moves of MNEs from developed countries. The traditional MNE is characterised by foreign direct investment (FDI), which generally is all about firm-specific capabilities created at home country and momentarily expanded towards country-by-country way of internationalis ation (Guillà ©n and Canal, 2009). According to Guillà ©n and Canal, this model was most popular much of the post-World War II. However, today, new existing MNEs from emerging markets are trying to make a difference in order to go for an international expansion. Knowing what these strategies are is the main focus of the work at hand. Prior to this, it is also important to understand the traditional model of MNE first to provide the essential foundation of comparison to its new MNE counterparts comprising new emerging MNEs and those from developed economies. Understanding traditional model of MNE Strengths pertaining to technology, marketing and managerial capability were important common features of the old model of MNE during the post-World War II (Guillen and Canal, 2009). According to Guillen and Canal, advanced multinational firms in Japan, North America and Europe participated in this activity and eventually created their market share and initiated international expansion. Fi rst, one can spot the point that multinational companies rely on their ability to employ advanced technologies. The implementation of technology is important in the issue of globalisation or international expansion (Alvarez and Marin, 2013; Holm and Sharma, 2006). The transfer of technology was viewed a significant component of global expansion because that will have to ensure operation and formulation of product or service offerings sustained at the most convenient and fast-paced approach. On the other hand, the idea of initiating marketing strategy is founded by the ability of the firm to understand the needs in the market. However, the idea might be eventually confined within the basic consideration of subsidiary marketing knowledge as this can be the essential foundation on how to go for international expansion (Holm and Sharma, 2006). Finally, the traditional model of MNE has to include the concept of managerial capability, as this has significant impact on the resource profile of the subsidiaries (Manev, 2003). This will have to fuel the right decision-making process in order to sustain survival of the firm in the international setting where there are other potential factors to keep constantly in mind such as culture, politics, social concerns and other considerations. In addition to all of these, Guillen and Canal added that the traditional model of MNE employed traditional product differentiation strategies and vertically integrated structures. All of these have specific advantages as integrated along with the existing practices of the emerging market MNEs, but at some point they may also provide a significant explanation as to why the emerging market and developed economy MNEs may have outsmarted the traditional

Conflict Resolution and Stress At High School Essay

Conflict Resolution and Stress At High School - Essay Example The school administrator noticed a significant increase in the number of absenteeism among the special education staff. For this study, several strategies that could help improve the current situation will be outlined and thoroughly discussed. Employee involvement is considered as â€Å"the voluntary employer-led initiatives that are designed to encourage the more active employee to participate in the organizational activities.† (Caldwell, 1993) Basically, increasing employee involvement in the implementation of inclusion policy can minimize and prevent organizational conflicts. As part of the long list of benefits associated with the implementation of employee involvement and participation, Guest, Peccei & Thomas (1993) explained that the main reason for the need to implement employee involvement is to increase the level of employee commitment towards the organizational goals. It simply means that the school administrator could easily and effectively provide each employee with an extra role to perform within the school organization (Langan-Fox et al., 2002). Therefore, the school administrator could efficiently make use of the regular and special education teachers in order to increase the quality of education at Best High School. Promoting an open communication between the regular and special school teachers is one of the best strategies that could minimize stress and conflict at Best High School. Considering that the special education teachers failed to clearly communicate the importance and purpose of IEPs, it is likely that most of the regular education teachers would just ignore the pieces of paper handed to them by the special education teachers.

Primary Functions of Human Resource Management Research Paper

Primary Functions of Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Besides that, this department clarifies and sets forth daily objectives for the firm and is responsible for organizing people in the entire organization and planning for the future objectives and ventures involving all the people in the company (Raymond, 2006). This paper is seeking to give a detailed explanation of how human resource management influences sectors such as equal employment opportunity and affirmative action, planning, recruitment, selection, development, compensation, and benefits. Additionally, it will also resolve to expound on human resource role in safety and health, employee and labor relations. Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action Equal employment opportunity refers to equal job consideration where it is applicable to every citizen and is essential to fair practices of employment. It also conforms to federal and state laws requirement. On the other end, affirmative action is a tool that an organization’s human resource management uses to pr ovide steps that are necessary in ensuring parity and disparity (Gary, 2004). In an organization, the primary function of human resource management is to ensure a fair and full equal employment opportunity and affirmative action for all employees, regardless of factors such as race, genetic information, marital status, sexual orientation, age, color, and religion as well as national origin among others. Factors involved in equal employment opportunity are essential as they facilitate creation of a harmonious working environment where employees feel protected and appreciated. These aspects are congruent factors of mobilization and motivation. These factors are essential since they assist on creating harmony in working places and set forth a platform of opportunities where the qualified and protected classes of people compete fairly for the available position This system provides for an equal opportunity where an organization has a platform where it gives every employee a chance to co ntribute towards building the power of the company by use total dedication via exhausting all the available resources every staff can contribute. In this sector, human resource provides for indiscriminative treatment where all employees feel equal while in the course of executing their daily duties in their respective working places. Just as elaborated in affirmative action, the protected class which includes those individuals protected by the state against employment discrimination such as minorities, people with disabilities, women, and people aged 40 and above years (Hyde, 2004). Under these circumstances, when an employment opportunity arises probably to transfer, resignation, or termination of contract of an employee, the work of the human resource is to declare the vacancy open and set an open competitive procedure in which qualified personnel will fit under the merit system. Human resource agents or affirmative action representatives have the responsibility of helping manager s in hiring through all the set selection process. The presence of both managers and affirmative action representatives is to ensure full consideration to equal opportunities of employment implications regarding the complete hiring process and interview and correct affirmative actions for the agency. The functions of human resource are uncountable. In an organization, it helps managers employ effective and efficient techniques of recruiting in order to obtain a diverse and broad

Conflict Resolution and Stress At High School Essay

Conflict Resolution and Stress At High School - Essay Example The school administrator noticed a significant increase in the number of absenteeism among the special education staff. For this study, several strategies that could help improve the current situation will be outlined and thoroughly discussed. Employee involvement is considered as â€Å"the voluntary employer-led initiatives that are designed to encourage the more active employee to participate in the organizational activities.† (Caldwell, 1993) Basically, increasing employee involvement in the implementation of inclusion policy can minimize and prevent organizational conflicts. As part of the long list of benefits associated with the implementation of employee involvement and participation, Guest, Peccei & Thomas (1993) explained that the main reason for the need to implement employee involvement is to increase the level of employee commitment towards the organizational goals. It simply means that the school administrator could easily and effectively provide each employee with an extra role to perform within the school organization (Langan-Fox et al., 2002). Therefore, the school administrator could efficiently make use of the regular and special education teachers in order to increase the quality of education at Best High School. Promoting an open communication between the regular and special school teachers is one of the best strategies that could minimize stress and conflict at Best High School. Considering that the special education teachers failed to clearly communicate the importance and purpose of IEPs, it is likely that most of the regular education teachers would just ignore the pieces of paper handed to them by the special education teachers.

Key Skill Essay Example for Free

Key Skill Essay Ensure your work is accurate and clear and is saved appropriately  You need to have achieved Key Skills 9 and 10. In addition your teacher needs to have verified that the work is both accurate and clear. This means they need to have supplied a written statement saying that the work is accurate. They cannot do this is there are any mistakes so check the work clearly. Advantages and Disadvantages of using ICT for this task  Demonstrate knowledge of how IT can help you in your work and be able to compare your use of IT with other methods  You need to write about how IT helped you to produce your presentation. This might include spell-check making sure that the words were spelt correctly, or the use of cut and paste to move objects around the page to try out different layouts.  The second part of this Key Skill needs you to write about how else you might have done this presentation. You need to compare creating computer generated presentation with another method maybe using a pen and pencil. The advantages and disadvantages of using IT  You need to list at least two advantages and two disadvantage of using IT to write the story. Example You might have used a pen and paper. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a pen and paper to write the story against using a computer?  You must make sure that you have covered both the advantages and the disadvantages. Example  Disadvantages might include cost of hardware software and peripherals or time spent learning how to use the programs needed to search, find and use information  The Importance of Copyright and Confidentiality  When it is necessary to observe copyright or confidentiality  You need to write a few lines about copyright what it is and how it affects you and the pictures you have found on the internet and CD/Clipart. You can present screen shots from the site showing copyright information or copies of emails sent and receiving permission to use graphics, text and photographs You can write about confidentiality what it is and how it does/does not affect you. You could refer to the lack of personal information and the fact that the Data Protection Act (1998) does not affect you.  Example  You have not used pictures of yourself or other young people which could identify them  Error Handling and Virus Protection  How to identify errors and their causes You will need to show, using screenshots, of errors and how to solve them. This can show the use of the office assistant, or searching for a web page that returns a not known error. It could be a picture of the spell check identifying a spelling error. How to minimise risks from viruses  You will need to provide a description of how to avoid getting viruses from floppy disks or from Internet downloads, including the purpose and use of virus checkers and how they prevent and remove a virus.  A couple of paragraphs are all that is required. Health and Safety Matters Work safely and take care of equipment, avoid losing information and know how to get help when dealing with errors  You will need to write a paragraph about:  Taking care of equipment e.g. storage of disks:  You must not put your disks near a magnet as this will delete the content, not throwing them around  Avoiding loss of information e.g. use of AutoSave or backup. Saving information onto disks as well as the account at school  Obtaining help e.g. on-line help, telephone support or teacher assistance.   I could not work out how to adjust the margins so I used the online help (screenshots here)  You need to show (through screenshots) that you have backed up your files. How to work safely and minimise health risks  You need to write a short paragraph about two health and two safety risks involved in using computers.  You may write about the use of anti-glare screens and taking a break from using the computer to rest your eyes or wrists. You may write about repetitive strain injuries from not having the correct keyboard and backache from not having the correct chair. Think about the rules in your computer room not drinking in a computer room, trailing cables or bags in the aisle.

Efficacy Of Dynamic Splinting Health And Social Care Essay

Efficacy Of Dynamic Splinting Health And Social Care Essay The procedure has proven to both reliable and durable. A successful total knee replacement allows patient to resume almost all activities of daily living with minimal difficulty. In most cases patients no longer require external aids or chronic medications. Finally total knee replacement helps patients to maintain their overall self esteem. Total knee replacement is indicated when there is unremitting severe pain in the knee with or without deformity. The pain/ deformity may be due to osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and various non specific arthritis. It relieves pain, provides mobility and correct deformity. Total knee replacement is a surgical procedure in which injured or damaged parts of the knee joint are replaced with artificial parts. The procedure is performed by seperating the muscles and ligaments around the knee to expose the knee capsule. The knee capsule is opened, exposed the inside of the joint. The end of the femur and tibial are removed. The artificial parts are cemented into place. The knee will consist of metal shell at the end of the femur, a metal and plastic trough on the tibia and if needed a plastic button in the cap. In a way this could be more appropriately called a Knee resurfacing operation. The common pathology for total knee replacement is knee flexion contracture. DEFINITION: Flexion contracture is defined as the shortening of the connective tissue thereby stiffening the joint. It is due to tightening of the posterior capsule combined with the tightening of biceps femoris and collateral ligaments. Hence rehabilitation program should be undertaken soon after TKA to maintain joint range of motion. In particular this study examined the value of dynamic splinting in increasing range of motion and reducing the flexion contracture. Dynamic splinting utilizes the biomechanical adaptation of keeping the joint at end-range to achieve a physiological change of molecular realignment to elongate the connective tissue. This protocol of low-load, prolonged-duration stretch with dynamic tension continually reduces the contracture. ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT: The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is synovial modified hinge joint. It is formed by fusion and medial tibio- femoral and patella- femoral joint. ARTICULAR SURFACES: It is comprised the Femoral condyles: distal end of femur Tibial condyles : proximal end of tibia. Patellar facetes : posterior surface of patella. Femoral condyles: The articular surfaces of femur are pulley shaped. The femoral condyles are convex in both planes. They are extended interiorly by the pulley shaped patellar surfaces. The neck of the pulley is represented anteriorly by the central groove on the patellar surface and posteriorly by the intercondylar notch. 111 Tibial condyle: The tibial surfaces are reciprocally curved and comprises two curved and concave parallel gutters which are separated by a blunt eminence running antero- posteriorly eminence lodges the two intercondylar tubercles. Tibio-femoral joints: The tibial condyles correspond to the femoral condyles while the inter condylar tibial tubercles come to within the femoral intercondylar notch, these surfaces constitute functionally the tibio-femoral joint. Femero-patellar joints: The facets of patella correspond to the patellar surface of the femur while the vertical ridge of the patella fits into the central groove of the femur. LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT: Medial collateral ligament: It is flattened band rhomboidal in outine. It is attached above to the medial epicondyle of femur, below to the medial margin and the adjoining medial surface of tibia. Function: restrain valgus rotation Lateral collateral ligament: Function: restrain varus rotation and resist internal rotation kneeanat Anterior cruciate ligament: It is attached below to the anterior part of the intercondylar area of tibia between the anterior ends of lateral and medial semilunar cartilages. Above it is attached to the posterior part of the medial surface of lateral femoral condyle. Function: To resist anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed To resist varus or valgus rotation of the tibia, especially in the absence of the collateral ligaments Resists internal rotation of the tibia. Posterior cruciate ligament: It is attached below to the posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia, posterior to the attachment of posterior end of medial semilunar cartilage. Above it is attached to the anterior part of lateral surface of the medial condyle of femur. Function: To allow femoral rollback in flexion Resist posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur Controls external rotation of the tibia with increasing knee flexion. Retention of the PCL in total knee replacement has been shown biomechanically to provide normal kinematic rollback of the femur on the tibia. This also is important for improving the lever arm of the quadriceps mechanism with flexion of the knee. MUSCLES OF KNEE JOINT: Quadriceps femoris Popliteus Semitendinosus Semimembranous Sartorius Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Plantaris BURSAE AROUND THE KNEE JOINT: Anteriorly: The suprapatellar bursa The prepatellar bursa Superficial intrapatellar bursa Deep infrapatellar bursa Laterally: A bursa between lateral collateral ligament and biceps tendon A bursa between lateral collateral ligament and popliteus tendon Popliteus bursa lies between the popliteus and lateral condyle of femur. Medially: The tibial inter tendinous bursa( pes anserine bursa) A bursa between medial collateral ligament and semimembranous tendon A bursa between semimembranous tendon and tibia. Posteriorly: A bursa between lateral head of gastrocnemius and capsule. Semimembranous bursa(brodies bursa) NERVE SUPPLY: Femoral nerve Sciatic nerve Obturator nerve BLOOD SUPPLY: The arterial supply to knee joint, is from the branches of Popliteal artery Femoral artery Tibial artery TIBIO-FEMORAL ARTHROKINEMATICS: Viewed in the sagittal plane, the femurs articulating surface is convex while the tibias in concave. We can predict arthrokinematics based on the rules of concavity and convexity: During Knee Extension During Knee Flexion Open Chain Closed Chain Open Chain Closed Chain Tibia Glides Anteriorly On Femur Femur Glides Posteriorly On Tibia Tibia Glides Posteriorly On Femur Femur Glides Anteriorly On Tibia from 20o knee flexion to full extension from full knee extension to 20o flexion Tibia rotates externally Femur rotates internally on stable tibia Tibia rotates internally Femur rotates externally on stable tibia THE SCREW-HOME MECHANISM: Rotation between the tibia and femur occurs automatically between full extension (0o) and 20o of knee flexion. These figures illustrate the top of the right tibial plateau as we look down on it during knee motion. top of tibial plateau top of tibial plateau top of tibial plateau During Knee Extension, the tibia glides anteriorly on the femur. During the last 20 degrees of knee extension, anterior tibial glide persists on the tibias medial condyle because its articular surface is longer in that dimension than the lateral condyles. Prolonged anterior glide on the medial side produces external tibial rotation, the screw-home mechanism. THE SCREW-HOME MECHANISM REVERSES DURING KNEE FLEXION top of tibial plateau top of tibial plateau top of tibial plateau When the knee begins to flex from a position of full extension, posterior tibial glide begins first on the longer medial condyle. Between 0 deg. extension and 20 deg. of flexion, posterior glide on the medial side produces relative tibial internal rotation, a reversal of the screw-home mechanism. TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT Total knee replacement is indicated when there is unremitting severe pain in the knee with or without deformity. The pain/ deformity may e due to osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and various non specific arthritis. It relieves pain, provides mobility and correct deformity. Total knee replacement is a surgical procedure in which injured or damaged parts of the knee joint are replaced with artificial parts. The procedure is performed by seperating the muscles and ligaments around the knee to expose the knee capsule. The knee capsule is opened, exposed the inside of the joint. The end of the femur and tibial are removed. The artificial parts are cemented into place. The knee will consist of metal shell at the end of the femur, a metal and plastic trough on the tibia and if needed a plastic button in the cap. In a way this could be more appropriately called a Knee resurfacing operation. E:New FolderNAGU PROJECTimAGESTotal-Knee-Replacement.jpg The total knee replacement can be: Unicompartmental arthroplasty: The Articular surface of femur and tibia, either the medial or lateral compartment of the knee are replaced by an implant. Eg: osteoathritis. Bicomprtmental arthroplasty: In bicompartmental arthroplasty, the articular surface of tibia and femur of both medial and lateral compartments of the knee joints are replaced by an implant. The third compartment i.e.., the patellofemoral joint is however left intact. Tricomprtmental arthroplasty: the articular surface of the lower femur, upper tibia and patella are replaced by prosthesis. Most commonly performed arthroplsty. The prosthesis consists of a tibial component, a metal femoral component and a high molecular weight polyethylene button for articular surface of the patella. TKA GOALS Restore mechanical alignment [neutral tibiofemoral alignment = 4 °-6 ° of anatomic valgus], Horizontal joint line, Soft tissue balance (ligament), (Patella tracking (Q-angle) INDICATION Oteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Hemophilic arthritis Traumatic arthritis Sero negative arthrides Crystal deposition disease Pigmented villonoular synovitis Avascular necrosis Bone dysplasias Asymmetric arthrits CONTRA INDICATION Absolute contraindications Recent or curren joint infection Sepsis or systematic infection Neuropathic arthropathy Painful solid knee fusion Relative contraindications Severe osteoporosis Debilated poor health Non functioning extensor mechanism Painless, well functioning arthrodesis Significant peripheral vascular diseases TKA Complications Death: 0.53% Periprosthetic Infection: 0.71% Pulmonary emboli: 0.41% Patella fracture: Component Loosening: Tibial tray wear: Peroneal Nerve Palsy: 0.3% to 2% Periprosthetic Femur Fracture: Periprosthetic Tibial Fracture: Wound Complications / Skin slough: rare Patellar Clunk Syndrome: rare Patellofemoral Instability: 0.5%-29% DVT: Instability: Popliteal artery injury: 0.05% Quadriceps Tendon Rupture: 0.1% Patellar Tendon Rupture: Stiffness: Fat Embolism MCL rupture NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: Need of the study: To reduce flexion contracture To improve range of motion To improve functional activity Significance of the study: This study is to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic splinting for knee flexion contracture following a total knee arthroplasty. Statement of the problem: To study the efficacy of dynamic splinting for knee flexion contracture following a total knee arthroplasty. Hence the study is entitled as efficacy of dynamic splinting for knee flexion contracture following a total knee arthroplasty. Objectives: To reduce flexion contracture To improve range of motion To analyze the effect of dynamic knee splint Null hypothesis: The null hypothesis can be stated as follows there is no significant difference in knee flexion contracture after the application of dynamic knee splint. Alternate hypothesis: The hypothesis can be stated as follows there is significant difference in knee flexion contracture after the application of dynamic knee splint. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: 1. TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: Simon H Palmer, MD, Consultant Surgeon: Sep 21, 2010 Osteoarthritis destruction of the knee is the most common reason for total knee replacement. Jayant joshi, prakash kotwal says that total knee replacement relieves pain, provides mobility corrects deformity. 2. FLEXION CONTRACTURE: J. Ilyas; A.H. Deakin; C. Brege; and F. Picard Flexion contracture is a common deformity encountered in patients requiring total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Department of orthopaedics, golden jubilee national hospital, clydebank, glasgow, g81 4hx, uk. One hundred and four continuous TKA were completed by a single consultant using the OrthoPilot (BBraun, Aesculap) navigation system and Columbus implants. Seventy-four knees had preoperative flexion contracture (including neutral knees) while 30 were in hyperextension. Ouellet D, Moffet H. Arthritis Rheum October 2002 Large movement deficits are present, especially in single-limb support pre-op and 2 months following TKA. Huei-Ming Chai, PHD. November 24, 2008 total knee arthroplasty limits range of motion 3. DYNAMIC SPLINT: Dennis l armstrong, m.d. Buck willis, phd evaluates the efficacy of dynamic knee extension splinting for knee flexion contracture following TKA. Finger  E, Willis  FB Health Physical Education, Recreation, Texas State University, Cases Journal 2008, Physical therapy alone did not fully reduce the contracture and dynamic splinting was then prescribed for daily low-load, prolonged-duration stretch. Finger E, Willis B 29Dec2008: Dynasplint offers extension Systems to aid in rehabilitation and recovery from flexion contracture. Clinical studies have demonstrated greatest average reduction in rehabilitation time and cost with the use of Dynasplint Systems in conjunction with physical therapy. Willis FB Biomechanics.2008 Jan; 15 After surgery, a patient is often left with shortened connective tissue and may have a difficult time walking normally again. Wearing a dynamic knee splint will lengthen and remodel the tissue to restore range of motion. McClure P, Blackburn L, Dusold C Ideally, wearing your Dynasplint for 6-8 continuous hours yields the best results as it allows a safe, long lasting remodeling of the soft tissue. Cliffordr.Wheeless, Iii, Md.December3, 2008. The purpose of this report is to review the use of external fixator for the gradual correction of severe knee flexion contractures that limit patient function. James f. Mooney iii, md, l. Andrew koman Posted: 05/01/2001 Average preoperative flexion contracture was 80.5 °. Each patient achieved full extension. There was one recurrence, despite bracing, which was managed with replacement of the fixator and soft tissue procedures 4. CONVENTIONAL PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR KNEE ARTHRITIS: Jan.K.Richardson, Pt, Phd, Ocs Said that arthritis is a degenerative disease of the cartilage and bones that results in pain and stiffness in affected joint. There is no cure for arthritis, but physical therapy can make living easier and less painful. Brigham And Womens Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Services Physical Therapy .ROM along with proper soft tissue balance is required to ensure proper biomechanics in the knee joint. Aggressive post-operative PT has been shown to be effective in improving patient outcomes and shortening length of stay Balint G And Sz Ebenyl.B Showed that therapeutic exercises decreases pain, increases muscle fatigue and range of motion as well as improve endurance and aerobic capacity. Weight reduction is proven in obese patients with OA of knee. Therapeutic heat and cold, electrotherapy, acupuncture are widely used. Dr. Margriet van baar reported that significant beneficial effects from exercise therapy including improvements in self reported pain, disability, walking ability and overall sense of well being. Dorr LD.   J Arthroplasty June 2002 CPM helps achieve knee range of motion quicker in first post-op weeks but at final follow-ups, no difference in final range of motion Byrne, et al.   Clin Biomech October 2002 Deficits in knee strength balanced by increased hip extensor work; rehab should optimize bilateral hip and knee function after TKA McManus et al 2006, Jorge et al 2006 the higher frequencies (90-130Hz) to stimulate the pain gate mechanisms thereby mask the pain symptoms. Ozcan et al, 2004 Low frequency nerve stimulation is physiologically effective (as with TENS and NMES) and this is the key to IFT intervention. Adedoyin, R. A., et al. (2002).IFT acts primarily on the excitable (nerve) tissues, the strongest effects are likely to be those which are a direct result of such stimulation (i.e. pain relief and muscle stimulation). National Taiwan University Hospital, November 2008 PNF stretching techniques has been used frequently for patients with total knee arthroplasty in clinical practice to increase range of motion effectively and reduced knee pain during exercise. Huei-Ming Chai, PHD November 24, 2008 PNF stretching technique is a therapeutic technique using the PNF concept to the related muslces either to increase neuro-inhibition mechanism for releasing muscle spasm and elongating muscle length, or to increase neuro-excitation mechanism for enhancing muscle strength Harold B. James H. Beaty, MD Range-of-motion exercises, muscle strengthening, gait training, and instruction in performing activities of daily living are important. 5. GONIOMETRIC MEASURENT FOR ROM: Carlos Lavernia, MD, Range of motion assessment through direct observation without a goniometer provides inaccurate findings. Mark D. Rossi, PhD, PT, CSCS The Journal of Arthroplasty Vol. 23 No. 6 Suppl. 1 2008 Measured scores using a goniometer provided an improved degree of accuracy, but results appear to be dependent on the clinician performing the measurement. Richard l. Gajdosik Associate Professor Physical therapists may accept most knee goniometric measurements as clinically valid, and the evidence indicates that most of these measurements are reliable. 6. KNEE SOCIETY SCORE: Gil Scuderi, MD-Chair; Jim Benjamin, MD; Jess Lonner, MD; Bob Bourne, MD and Norm Scott, MD, 2007,The Knee Society rating system (KSS) was first published in CORR in 1989 and has become the standard clinical evaluation system for reporting results for patients undergoing Total Knee Replacement. John N. Insall, MD, Lawrence D. Dorr, Scott, MD Rationale of the Knee Society clinical rating system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Nov:The Knee Society has proposed this new rating system to be simple but more exacting and more objective. MD, Richard D. Scott, MD, and W. Norman It is hoped the knee society rating system will become universally accepted and will be adopted by all authors, even if they wish to report results using a customary scoring method as well. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: MATERIALS: Evaluation tool: Goniometry Knee society score Outcome measure: Range of motion Knee score Function score Material used: Dynamic knee splint METHODOLOGY: (A) Study design: 30 subjects with flexion contracture following unilateral TKA assigned in two groups. GROUP A: 15 subjects: Dynamic Splint Along With Conventional Physiotherapy. GROUP B: 15 subjects: Conventional Physiotherapy. (B) Study setting: This study was carried out in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Sri Ramakrishna hospital, Coimbatore. (C) Study duration: This study was carried out for a period of 6 months. (D) Sampling: Random sampling. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Age: 45 to 70 years. Both sex Flexion contracture : 20 12 deg (post operatively) Unilateral TKA Reduced flexibility in AROM of knee extension Pain that is worsened by bending over while legs are straight Impaired gait pattern Ability to understand informed consent and experiment responsibilities EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Fractures Bilateral TKA TKA Knee sepsis Osteomyelitis or any orthopedic infection Extensor mechanism dysfunction Psoriasis Knee joint neuropathy Previous Stroke or Brain Injury STATISTICS TOOL: The data collected was analyzed using independent t-test. The test was carried out between two groups. Independentt test was used to compare the effectiveness of treatment between the groups. t = S = X1 = Difference between pretest and posttest values of Group I X2 = Difference between pretest and posttest values of Group II = Mean difference of Group I = Mean difference of Group II n1 = No. of samples in Group I n2 = No. of samples in Group II S = Combined standard deviation TREATMENT: Dynamic knee Extension splint: The Rebound Effect http://www.dynasplint.com/uploads/user-uploads/rebound2.gif 53% Average Reduction in Time and Cost Associated with ROM Rehabilitation High-force, short-duration stretching favors recoverable, elastic tissue deformation, whereas low-force, long-duration stretching enhances permanent plastic deformation. In the clinical setting, high force application has a greater risk of causing pain and possibly ruptures of tissue. Dynasplint Systems improve range of motion by creating permanent, non-traumatic tissue elongation and remodeling, thus virtually eliminating the range of motion rebound effect often observed in the clinical setting. RangerKnee2 Features Benefits LLPS (Low-Load, Prolonged-Duration Stretch) technology has been proven to successfully treat joint stiffness and limited range of motion. Early application can reduce time and cost associated with range of motion rehabilitation Simple, adjustable and reproducible bilateral tensioning System Available for rent or purchase Biomechanically correct Comfortable to wear Each Dynasplint System is recycled to reduce waste and help the environment A Dynasplint Systems consultant will fit your patients and oversee their treatment to ensure the best possible results Over a quarter of a million patients have been successfully treated with Dynasplint Systems Conveniently labeled and easy to use Patient Wearing Protocol Please review the tension your Dynasplint consultant set for you initially. In the beginning, the splint should be worn for 2-4 hours. Do not increase the tension until you can tolerate overnight wear. Time is the most important factor and your first goal should be 6-8 hours of pain free wear. After achieving this time goal, when you take the splint off if you have less than 1 hour of post-wear stiffness, turn tension up by one on both sides. However if you are unable to wear the splint for a prolonged period of time, decrease the tension by a half to one full turn. During the process of regaining your range of motion, if you have any question or concerns contact your Dynasplint consultant. http://www.wheelessonline.com/images/i1/imk11.jpg CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT: MODALITIES FOR PAIN CONTROL, EDEMA REDUCTION: Moist Heat Functional electrical stimulation Transcutaneous electrical stimulation Ice therapy Interferential therapy Galvanic Stimulation JOINT MOBILIZATION: Flexion restriction Position: patient seated Posterior glide of tibia on femur-grade 3 Oscillation with 30 second hold, Repeated 5 times with patellar mobilization of inferior glides (5 mins) Extension restriction Position: patient prone with patella off of table Anterior glide of tibia on femur- grade 3 oscillation and static hold (10 secs in 3 repetitions) with patellar mobilization superior glides (5 mins) EXERCISE PROGRAM: Closed and open kinetic chain strengthening exercises Proprioceptive/balance exercises targeting the trunk and lower extremity musculature Partial body weighted squats Gait training Range of motion exercises Heel slide (supine sitting) Stretching (prone/supine) to increase knee extension ROM GAIT TRAINING: Forward Walking Sidestepping Backward or Retro-Walking FUNCTIONAL TRAINING: Standing Transfer Activities Lifting Carrying Pushing or Pulling Squatting or Crouching Return-to-Work Tasks ENDURANCE TRAINING: Upper body exercise. Ambulation activities One-leg cycling, using non-operative leg with resistance to motion. BALANCE/PROPRIOCEPTION TRAINING: Tandem Walking Lateral Stepping over/around objects Weight-Shifting Activities Closed Kinetic Chain Activities 5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: KNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP I Pre test (Two months after TKA) Post test (conventional PT with SPLINT) Difference X1 16 0 16 16 1 15 16 2 14 16 2 14 16 4 12 14 0 14 14 0 14 14 1 13 14 1 13 14 2 12 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 Mean=12.93 PRE TEST AND POST KNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP I KNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP II Pre test (Two months after TKA) Post test (conventional PT without splint) Difference X2 18 7 11 18 6 12 18 6 12 18 6 12 18 4 14 16 7 9 16 7 9 16 4 12 16 4 12 16 4 12 14 3 11 14 4 10 14 4 12 14 2 12 14 2 12 Mean=11.46 t=2.82 s.dev=1.42 degrees of freedom = 28 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.009 PRE TEST AND POST KNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP II KNEE SCORE AND FUNCTION SCORE: S.No. Parameters Groups Mean S.D.Value t Value 1. Knee Scores Group A 18 4.47 3.06 Group B 13 2. Function Score Group A 35.6 4.98 3.01 Group B 30.1 MEAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KNEE SCORE AND FUNCTION SCORE DEMOGRAPHIC DATA THE AGE OF THE SAMPLES BETWEEN 45 -70 YEARS IN EACH GROUP Age (years) No. of Samples Total Group A Group B 45-50 4 3 7 50-55 5 4 9 55-60 2 5 7 60-65 2 2 4 65-70 2 1 3 TOTAL NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES IN EACH GROUP Sex No. of Samples Total Group A Group B Male 8 10 18 Females 7 5 12 TOTAL NUMBER OF RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE INVOLVEMENT IN EACH GROUP Side of involvement No. of Samples Total Group A Group B Right 11 8 19 Left 4 7 11 5. DISCUSSION Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is considered the treatment of choice for patients with intractable pain and substantial functional disabilities who have not had acceptable relief and functional improvement after conservative treatment. Knee flexion contracture is a common pathology following TKA affecting up to 61% of these patients. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of dynamic splinting in treating patients with flexion contracture following Unilateral TKA. Literature review states that there is significant difference between dynamic splinting and conventional physiotherapy management in reducing flexion contracture following Unilateral TKA. A total of thirty patients with unilateral TKA were selected under inclusive criteria and were randomly allocated into an experimental group and control group as Group A and group B respectively. In each group 15 Individuals were allotted In Group A, dynamic splint along with conventional physiotherapy was given and in Group B, Conventional physiot

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

It’s interesting to see the ways different authors depict how a character matures. In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird we can easily see how she chose to do it. The novel is set in Alabama in the 1930’s, while black vs. white racism was a big issue and problem for many. Atticus is the father of Scout and Jem, young children who witness the discrimination first hand when their father, a white man, defends a black man in court. Lee does a great job developing the characters; especially the narrator, Jean Louise Finch (Scout). Scout’s thoughts, conversations, and actions, illustrate that she’s emotionally maturing from the innocent child that she was. Through Scout’s thoughts, it’s obvious that she is growing up. Readers can see this early in the novel in chapter six. Jem and Scout weren’t as close as they used to be mostly because Jem was maturing suddenly and fast. He and Dill started leaving Scout out because she was too â€Å"girly†. Scout doesn’t like this at first when she says, â€Å"It was then I suppose that Jem and I first began to part company. Sometimes I did not understand him, but my periods of bewilderment were short-lived† (61). The fact that she accepts this, something not many young girls would do, shows that she too is maturing a bit. Thoughts that show Scout is maturing also come near the end of the novel. Although Atticus would always tell her to stand in other’s shoes and see things from their point of view, it never really came through to her. Not until she stands on Boo Radley’s porch after he saves her and Jem from Bob Ewell. She states, â€Å"A tticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough† (297). Standing on the porch lets Scout finally see things from Boo Radley’s point of view. Earlier in the novel, she was terrified every time she passed the house. Now as she stands on his porch, the way that she sees things has changed. The reader must realize that Scout herself has changed as well. As well as thoughts, the conversations and interactions between Scout and other characters show how she is mentally and emotionally aging. Near the end is where it’s more obvious that Scout has matured. After the Finch’s are safe from Bob Ewell, they go back to the house with the s... ... after all this behavior: "I ran along, wondering what had come over her. She had wanted to make up with me, that was it. She had always been too hard on me, she had at last seen the error of her fractious ways, she was sorry and too stubborn to say so." (29). This proves that Scout always thought that Calpurnia never liked her and that she didn't care about her, and that she deserves and accepts Cal's apology which is not what she would’ve done earlier in the beginning of the novel. Through Scout’s relationships, choices and actions, as well as the way she narrated the novel allows the readers to really see what kind of character Scout is and how she matured greatly. It’s surprising that we see it starting as early as page 29, and Lee does a wonderful job weaving it in through the story. When the novel is finished, it’s amazing how readers could glance right over the fact that Scout had matured, however they really have to look at how the author of any book, Harper Lee in this case, analyzes the characters through speech, thoughts, and actions. By the end of the novel Scout had grown up immensely, a very important step in everyone’s life.

John Lennon :: essays research papers

Two summers ago, I was in a bit of trouble. My parents grounded me and kept me indoors for a majority of the break. I had little contact with friends, besides my job and the occasional visits. Though I do not look back at this period of my life happily, I now realize I benefited greatly after surviving through it. My internet access had been taken away, but I still used my computer. I had a stash of mp3's I had downloaded in the past few months, which consisted mainly of Beatles songs. I had downloaded just about every album they ever made, from the pop-influenced "Please, Please Me", to the mellowed out, psychedelic "Magical Mystery Tour". My musical taste shifted pretty much overnight from hip-hop to classic rock. A new era of my life had begun. All four members of the Beatles are influential. However, John Lennon, through his lyrics, views, and musical genius stood out to me. I started simply by just listening to their music, but found myself researching the life and accomplishments of John Lennon. His character influenced me to change my ways of thinking. By the middle of this summer I noticed my personality had changed from depressed and angry to loving and caring. A true love for everyone had developed inside of me. Maturity definitely plays it's part in these changes, but John Lennon's music jumpstarted this transformation. Songs such as "Imagine" and "In My Life" had me feeling and thinking in ways I had never before. My musical taste has since moved on from the Beatles, but I will always have a place in my heart for their music as long as I live.

Political Economy of Journalism Essay

The ‘political economy of journalism’ is based on Marx’s critique of capitalism. With this in mind assess the following:‘†¦ professionals and amateurs can form powerful partnerships to create important journalism’ (Jones & Salter 2002: 29) The term â€Å"political economy† originally denoted the study of the conditions under which economic production was organised in the capitalist system. In Marxism, political economy studies the means of production specifically of capital, and how that manifests as economic activity (Marx, 1867). It’s simple, political economy derives many of its analytical insights from the Marxist analysis of capitalism as a â€Å"model of production†, defined in the first instance by the relationship between the â€Å"forces of production†, or the technologies and techniques through which material and symbolic goods and services are produced, and the â€Å"social relations of production†, or the relations between social agents (such as owners, editors and journalists in this case) through which the production of such goods and services are organised, and the associated modes of distribution of the economic product. This coupling of the forces and social relations of production provides the base from which other social processes, and the overall social structure of a historically specific mode of production, are organised. In the political economy of journalism, capitalism is identified as a mode of production characterised by ‘unprecedented dynamism, continuously revolutionizing its productive processes with new technologies and new forms of organising the labour process’ (Mosco 1995: 43). Karl Marx described in Capital this relationship between the economic base and the social structure in these terms: In the social production of their life men, enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production that will correspond to a definite stage of development of their material productive forces. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure, the real basis on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life (Marx 1867). In his three volume work â€Å"The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture†, the sociologist Manuel Castells has proposed that since the 1980s a new  economy has emerged that is global, networked and informational. While this new techno-economic framework remains capitalist in form, it is based upon what Castells describes as an informational rather than an industrial mode of development, which he defines in these terms: In the industrial mode of development, the main source of productivity lies in the introductions of new energy sources, and in the ability to decentralize the use of energy through the production and circulation processes. In the new, informational mode of development, the source of productivity lies in the technology of knowledge generation, information processing, and symbol communication †¦ What is specific to the informational mode of development is the action of knowledge upon knowledge itself as the main source of productivity. I call this m ode of development informational, constituted by the emergence of a new technological paradigm based on information technology (Castells 1996: 17). Castells has proposed that the rise of a network society has its origins in some central elements derivatives of the new regime of accumulation, or the nexus between production and consumption, identified by Castells as the â€Å"information technology paradigm†, which is based upon the mass diffusion of information and communication technologies. The new economy is networked and it is based upon information networks such as the Internet, as well as the networked enterprise becoming the dominant form of economic organisation, at whose heart is no longer the capitalist firm, but global markets and business projects based upon short-term strategic alliances and partnerships. For Castells, the networked enterprise is a logical corollary of electronic business, as it is based around ‘the Internet-based, interactive, networked connection between producers, consumers, and service providers’ (Castells 2001: 75). It has never been so easy to create information, and at the same time it has never been so difficult to make a living off its practice; the market is bigger than ever, but the income is the lowest in history, in relative terms. This trend is clearly visible in the USA, so many times forerunner about what is going to happen with the rest of the western countries. The scene is quite disturbing, at least in the USA, where major newspapers have seen how their diffusion has fallen from 62 million copies to 49 million since the Internet became mainstream with an easy access for most of the citizens of that country 15 years ago. Around a hundred newspapers were forced to stop  printing in paper format. During the same period, the number of readers of digital journalism has increased from nought to 75 million. The decrease in advertisements, which represents the main income in paper journalism, has reduced the profit drastically, which subsequently has brought massive lay-offs as read in s ome of the mastheads of the main European newspapers (1). El Pais, reference Spanish newspaper, fired more than 30 per cent of its staff after announcing a dismissal program. The company notified 129 of its workers that they were fired via e-mail the past 10th of November, while many of them were at their positions. The reason of the redundancy was the mismanagement of Juan Luis Cebrià ¡n, CEO of El Paà ­s, according to Maruja Torres, journalist of that newspaper, in a lecture at University of Barcelona: â€Å"Cebrià ¡n lost 5 billion euro gambling in casino capitalism, buying radios in Miami and Latin-American TVs that were absolutely worthless. He wanted to be a financial shark in Wall Street, but he actually was a little sardine who made everything wrong. He wasted the profits of our work in the adventure of the best newspaper of the Spanish democracy† (2). In the last years and due to the systemic crisis experienced by this sector, the main newspapers have faced many problems and several of them have been forced to move totally their paper editions to only On-line editions, like Pà ºblico, another Spanish newspaper, that stopped printing its paper edition a little longer than eight months ago, because of the decrease in its sales. (3) Newspapers financially survive in two ways, one is the income generated from advertisings and the other is from subscriptions. Advertising is at the centre of the debate, because, among other things, is the main source of funding and therefore for the survival of traditional newspapers. As noted in The Economist in its special report called â€Å"Bulletins from the future† (4), the bulk of the revenues had descended while at the same time the income of On-line media grew enormously. It is not only that the model of business has changed but also the model of consumption has changed. The Internet has brought an unprecedented revolution in the way we create, handle and spread information. It has demolished the old methods and has opened unlimited possibilities for the elaboration of a top-quality product with information. Brian Winston (1986, 1998), argues that, in contrast to claims that we are currently in the midst of an ‘information revolution’, the historical development of technologies such as telephone, radio, TV,  satellites, computers and Internet are marked far more by continuities rather than epochal transformations. Winston also argues that, insofar as technologies may still contain potential to challenge the dominant pattern of social relations. That it’s what we are seeing in the actual performing of relationship between citizens and journalism, where citizens are acting as journalists contributing content that is published on traditional media. This form of citizen journalism includes things like publication of photographs or video taken by amateurs who happened to be at the right place at the right time, such as the London bombings in July 2005 or London Riots in 2011. It could also include comment and opinion by a blogger that later appears on a mainstream media news site. Most of the time these people are not paid for their contribution. Citizen Journalism in this context is nearly always contextualized, edited and proofread by professional journalists (Quin & Lamble 2008). The website OhmyNews is one of the pioneers of citizen journalism, having more than 50.000 citizen reporters as of March 2007. Jean Min of OhmyNews International said every story went through an extensive screening and copyediting process before it was published. Although sometimes good quality blog content appears in mainstream media. The key word is quality. UK journalist Jemima Kiss concedes that the â€Å"cream† of bloggers will be experts in their field. â€Å"Blogs are often an extension of people’s job or their passions† (5). It is logical that traditional media should seek out their skills, but traditional gatekeepers have important skills that should not be underestimated. Min of OhmyNews concurs: â€Å"We believe bloggers can work better with professional assistance from trained journalists. On the other hand, we also believe professional journalists can expand their view and scope greatly with fresh input from citizen reporters. News media as a whole can offer more diverse and rich content to readers by tapping into the wealth of Netizens’ collective wisdom† (Quin & Lamble 2008). However, citizen journalism assume the role of journalists and that necessitates a debate about who is a journalist. Citizen Journalism sites succeed because they are easy and cheap to set up. Salaries are often not an issue because people volunteer their time. This means these bloggers or citizen reporters don’t want to be journalists, they just want to be heard and respected. (Min 2007) The first form of citizen journalism is likely to continue because traditional media  need quality content, and in many cases they are not paying for it. The second form requires energy and passion to sustain itself, and a form of revenue or business model. Arash Amel, a senior analyst for the media analysis company Screen Digest, said â€Å"The business model for user-generated sites has been ‘build it and sell it and let someone else worry about the business model’.† News Corp admitted early in 2007 that its Fox movie studio and television content would be more important than home made clips for capturing online video advertising. Screen Digest expects this market to expand for billions before 2012 (Edgecliffe-Johnson and van Duyn 2007). Bowman and Willis see collaboration as the driving force behind the â€Å"explosion of citizen media† as passionate and motivated people produce new forms of media. â€Å"The democratization of media has levelled the competitive landscape and forced dramatic changes in the news business (Bowman and Willis 2005: 7). They reject the notion that citizen journalism means the ends of the new media companies or journalism. However, in the last few years, the journalism has been through a lot of troubles because of Internet, but also thanks to the Network and how was changed the pattern of consume information, a lot of possibilities has been disclosed. One of them is â€Å"crowdsourcing†. Jeff Howe (2006) was the first person who has coined its definition, he describes crowdsourcing as a process that distribute problem-solving and production model. In the classic use of the term, problems are broadcast to an unknown group of solvers in the form of an open call for solutions. Users—also known as the crowd—submit solutions. Solutions are then owned by the entity that broadcast the problem in the first place—the crowdsourcer. The contributor of the solution is, in some cases, compensated either monetarily, with prizes, or with recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers working in their spare time, or from experts or small businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization (Howe 2006). Concluding remarks: the global production of information and mass media is not built over the grounds of objectivity and the quality of a truthful information, as they would make us believe. Journalism in this case is not any different from any other capitalist industry. The production of information follows the laws of political economy, that is to say, the maximization of profits and thanks to  that fact the media owners trade freely with information like any other commodity on the market that is at the service of the capitalist system. BIBLIOGRAPHY: AXFORD, HUGGINS 2001, New Media and Politics, Sage Publications, London. BENDER, DAVENPORT, DRAGER, FREDLER 2009, Reporting for the Media, Oxford University Press, Oxford. CASTELLS, Manuel 1996a, The Rise of the Network Society, vol. 1 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Blackwell, Malden, Mass. – 2001. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on Economy, Society and Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford. COTTLE Simon 2003. News, Public Relations and Power, Sage Publications, London. FLEW, Terry 2002, New Media: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford. JONES, SALTER 2012, Digital Journalism, Sage Publications, London. MARX, Karl 1867, Capital, Verlag von Otto Meissner, Hamburg. MOSCO, Vincent 1995, The Political Economy of Communication, Sage, Calif. QUINN, Stephen; LAMBLE, Stephen 2008, Online Newsgathering: Research and Reporting for Journalism, Focal Press, Elsevier, Burllington. SALWEN, GARRISON, DRISCOLL 2005, Online News and the Public, Lawrence WIN STON, Brian 1986, Misunderstanding Media, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, London. BOWMAN, WILLIS 2005, The Future is Here, But Do News Media Companies See It?, Nieman Reports. Available from: http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/100558/The-Future-Is-Here-But-Do-News-Media-Companies-See-It.aspx [cited 2012] EDGECLIFFE, JOHNSON & VAN DUYN 2007, Murdoch is sight of Dow Jones. 21 June 2007. Available from: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cde8a968-2016-11dc-9eb1 000b5df10621.html#axzz2CPrMqwcR [cited 2012] HOWE, Jeff 2006, The Rise of Crowdsourcing , Wired Magazine. Available from: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html MIN, Jean 2007. Interview. 29 May 2007. Available from: http://laazotea.blogspot.co.uk/2007/05/entrevista-jean-k-mings-ohmynews.html [cited 2012] CARLING, John. El momento crucial. El Paà ­s. 10 May 2009. Available from: http://elpais.com/diario/2009/05/10/domingo/1241927553_850215.html [cited 2012] TORRES, Maruja. Pregunt es que els periodistes ens haurà ­em de fer cada